Metamorphosis: The Fascinating Secrets of How Clownfish Earn Their Stripes
Amphiprion percula, a species of clownfish photographed in Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. Credit: Tane Sinclair-Taylor
The distinctive white stripes in clownfish form at different rates depending on their sea anemone hosts, a PNAS study finds.
- Clownfish species develop their characteristic white stripes, or bars, during the process of metamorphosis
- Researchers have now discovered that the white bars form at different speeds depending on the sea anemone the clownfish live in
- Thyroid hormones, which are important for metamorphosis, control the speed the white bars form
- Levels of thyroid hormones are higher in clownfish that live in the giant carpet anemone compared to clownfish living in the magnificent sea anemone
- Clownfish living in the giant carpet anemone also show increased activity of duox, a gene involved in forming thyroid hormones
Charismatic clownfish, the coral reef fish made famous by the film Finding Nemo, are instantly recognizable by their white stripes. These stripes, which scientists call bars, appear as clownfish mature from larvae into adults in a process called metamorphosis, but how these distinctive patterns form has long remained a mystery.
Now, a new study has found that the speed at which these white bars form depends on the species of sea anemone in which the clownfish live. The scientists also discovered that thyroid hormones, which play a key role in metamorphosis, drive how quickly their stripes appear, through changes in the activity of a gene called duox.
“Metamorphosis is an important process for clownfish – it changes their appearance and also the environment they live in, as clownfish larvae leave life in the open ocean and settle in the reef,” said senior author Professor Vincent Laudet, who leads the Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST). “Understanding how metamorphosis changes depending on the sea anemone host can help us answer questions not only about how they adapt to these different environments, but also how they might be affected by other environmental pressures, like climate change.”
In the study, published on May 24th, 2021 in PNAS, a team of researchers from the Centre for Island Research and Environmental Observatory (CRIOBE) in France first surveyed the clownfish species, Amphiprion percula, in Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea.
The clownfish species, Amphiprion percula, relies on either the long-tentacled sea anemone, Heteractis magnifica (left) or the short-tentacled Stichodactyla gigantea (right) as its host. The sea anemones, armed with toxic stinging cells on their tentacles, protect clownfish from predators on the reef. The clownfish also protect the sea anemone from predators and provide nutrition and oxygenation to their host. Credit: Kina Hayashi
The clownfish there can live either in the magnificent sea anemone, Heteractis magnifica, or the more toxic giant carpet anemone, Stichodactyla gigantea.
During the survey, the team made a fascinating observation; the juvenile clownfish that lived in the giant carpet anemone gained their adult white bars faster than clownfish living in the magnificent sea anemone.
During metamorphosis, the clownfish, Amphiprion percula, turns a vibrant orange and develops three white bars in succession, from head to tail. The rate at which the bars form depends on the sea anemone that the clownfish live in. Clownfish living in the long-tentacled anemone, Heteractis magnifica, (left) have fewer stripes than clownfish of the same age and size living in the shorter, carpet-style anemone, Stichodactyla gigantea (right). The image shows the typical appearance of clownfish aged 150-200 days. Credit: Fiona Lee, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
“We were really interested in understanding not only why bar formation occurs faster or slower depending on the sea anemone, but also what drives these differences,” said first author Dr. Pauline Salis, a postdoctoral researcher at the Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Sorbonne Université Paris, who studies color patterning in coral reef fish.
In the lab, the team worked with the clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris, a close relative of Amphiprion percula. They focused on thyroid hormones, which are known to trigger metamorphosis in frogs.
The clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris, is one of the rare few species of coral reef fish that can be raised in a lab. Prof. Laudet uses the species to study the hormones involved in life history strategies, including metamorphosis. Credit: OIST
The researchers treated larval clownfish with different doses of thyroid hormones. The higher the dose of thyroid hormones, the faster the clownfish developed the white bars, the team reported. Conversely, when the researchers treated the clownfish with a drug that stopped thyroid hormones from being produced, bar formation was delayed.
The white bars form due to pigment cells, called iridophores, which express a specific subset of genes. Thyroid hormones accelerated white bar formation by activating these iridophore genes, the research team found.
Clownfish larvae treated with thyroid hormones formed a higher number of bands at an earlier stage of development, compared to control larvae that weren’t treated with thyroid hormones. The image shows a control clownfish larvae (top) and a larvae five days after it was given a dose of thyroid hormones (bottom). Credit: Pauline Salis, first author
Next, the scientists tested whether these observations held true the field. When the CRIOBE lab returned to Kimbe Bay, they transported juvenile clownfish from both species of sea anemone back to Dr. Salis in France.
Levels of thyroid hormones were much higher in the clownfish from the giant carpet anemone than in the clownfish from the magnificent sea anemone, Dr. Salis confirmed.
To gain insight into what caused these higher levels of thyroid hormones, the team measured the activity of most genes in the clownfish genome.
“The big surprise was that out of all these genes, only 36 genes differed between the clownfish from the two sea anemone species,” said Prof. Laudet. “And one of these 36 genes, called duox, gave us a real eureka moment.”
Duox, which makes the protein dual oxidase, plays an important role in the formation of thyroid hormones, previous research has shown. The duox gene showed higher levels of activity in clownfish from the giant carpet anemone, compared to clownfish from the magnificent sea anemone.
Further experiments in collaboration with Professor David Parichy from the University of Virginia, U.S., confirmed that duox is important for developing iridophore pigment cells. When the duox gene is inactivated in mutant zebrafish, development of the iridophore pigment cells is delayed, the study found.
Taken together, the data suggests that increased activity of duox in clownfish living in the giant carpet anemone result in higher levels of thyroid hormones, and thus the faster rate of white bar formation as iridophore pigment cells develop quicker.
However, the research raises still more questions for the scientists to answer, including the ecological reason for this variation in the rate of white bar formation.
It may be because the giant carpet anemone is more toxic, with thyroid hormone levels increasing as a response to stress, the researchers speculated.
“Here at OIST, we’re starting to delve into some possible explanations,” said Prof. Laudet. “We suspect that these changes in white bar formation are just the tip of the iceberg, and that many other differences are present that help the clownfish adapt to the two different sea anemone hosts.”
Reference: “Thyroid hormones regulate the formation and environmental plasticity of white bars in clownfishes” by Pauline Salis, Natacha Roux, Delai Huang, Anna Marcionetti, Pierick Mouginot, Mathieu Reynaud, Océane Salles, Nicolas Salamin, Benoit Pujol, David M. Parichy, Serge Planes and Vincent Laudet, 24 May 2021, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101634118
Funding: Agence Nationale de la Recherche, National Institute of Science