EU summit postponed after president quarantined – as it happened

That’s it from me, Jessica Murray, today, thanks to everyone for reading along – I’ll now hand over to my colleague Helen Sullivan in Australia.

The British prime minister, Boris Johnson, called for the UK population to come together for “collective health” in a televised address in which he announced “perhaps six months” of new restrictions to slow the spread of coronavirus.

Johnson said the country must “reserve the right to go further” with coronavirus restrictions. He does not want to impose a second total lockdown, but said there have been “too many breaches” of the rules.

Hundreds of students in Dundee, Scotland have been told to isolate after a suspected Covid-19 outbreak in halls of residence.

NHS Tayside is investigating a single positive case and a small number of suspected cases of coronavirus linked to private student accommodation, Parker House in Dundee.

Close contacts of the positive case, who is a student of Abertay University, are being contacted.

All 500 residents at the accommodation have been asked to self-isolate until further contact tracing has been completed.

Dr Daniel Chandler, associate director of public health, said:

We know from outbreaks in other university settings across Scotland that the virus can spread very quickly in student accommodation.

Therefore, as a precautionary measure, we are contacting all residents of Parker House and advising them to self-isolate immediately.

Further investigation and contact tracing are continuing and we will review this advice in the coming days.

Prof Nigel Seaton, principal of Abertay University, said:

Our students in Parker House are being supported to self-isolate safely and we will remain in regular daily contact with them.

The university already has enhanced cleaning and safety measures in place on campus, in line with national guidance, and the campus will remain open.

We have contacted students and staff to remind them of their personal responsibilities in relation to Covid safety and to inform them of today’s changes in Scottish government guidance.

Saudi Arabia will gradually resume the year-round umrah pilgrimage from 4 October, the interior ministry said on Tuesday, seven months after it was suspended because of the coronavirus pandemic.

In the first stage, “6,000 citizens and residents within the kingdom will be allowed to perform the umrah per day from October 4,” the ministry said in a statement published by the official Saudi press agency.

Visitors from outside the kingdom will be permitted from 1 November, when the capacity will be raised to 20,000 pilgrims per day, the ministry said.

Umrah, the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca that can be undertaken at any time of the year, attracts millions of Muslims from across the globe each year.

The ministry said umrah would be allowed to resume at full capacity once the threat of the pandemic is eliminated.

Saudi Arabia suspended umrah in March and scaled back the annual hajj over fears that the coronavirus could spread to Islam’s holiest cities.

The pilgrimages are a massive logistical challenge, with colossal crowds cramming into relatively small holy sites, making them vulnerable to contagion.

The decision to resume umrah was in response to the “aspirations of Muslims home and abroad” to perform the ritual and visit the holy sites, the interior ministry said.

Saudi Arabia’s custodianship of Mecca and Medina – Islam’s two holiest sites – is seen as the kingdom’s most powerful source of political legitimacy.

The sites draw millions of pilgrims every year and are a key revenue earner for Saudi Arabia.

The government hopes to welcome 30 million pilgrims to the kingdom annually by 2030.

Call By More Than 250 European And Arab Lawmakers To Implement UN Sanctions On Iran

 The British Committee for Iran Freedom (BCFIF) issued the

following press release with regards to a statement
supported by more than 250 European and Arab lawmakers
urging their respective governments to implement all UN
sanctions on Iran.

The lawmakers from European and
Arab countries support the snapback of all UN sanctions
under UN Security Council resolution 2231 against Iran
urging their respective governments to take necessary steps
to implement all punitive measures especially an arms
embargo.

In their statement, the cross-party
signatories from 23 countries including the United Kingdom,
France, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, Belgium, Lithuania,
Romania, and Switzerland, Jordan and Egypt as well as the
European Parliament, call for the international designation
of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) as a
terrorist organisation and its disbanding, referring to its
role in the internal crackdown, especially on popular
protests, and a series of terrorist plots against the
pro-democracy opposition, the National Council of Resistance
of Iran (NCRI), and Iranian dissidents in Europe.

The
statement also urges the European and Arab governments to
heed the voice of the Iranian people and support their
democratic aspirations and demand for change on display
during continuous popular protests in the last three
years.

The Rt. Hon David Jones MP said,
“The UK, France, and Germany are mistaken in their
adherence to the flawed nuclear deal that does not hold the
regime to account. It emboldens the regime to continue its
domestic crackdown and export terrorism across the region. I
stress that the UK should support the re-imposition of
sanctions on the regime and an international inquiry into
the 1988 massacre of 30,000 political prisoners, primarily
activists of the People’s Mojahedin Organisation of Iran
(PMOI/MEK) in Iran.”

Bob Blackman MP
pointed out, “An Iranian diplomat awaits prosecution in
Belgium for his alleged role in a bomb plot against the
gathering of the Iranian opposition NCRI in Paris in 2018”
and added, “the UK and other European governments should
scrutinise the Iranian diplomats working in their countries
and consider expelling them and if necessary close down
those embassies given that the regime’s use of diplomatic
cover for its terrorist activities is both known and
well-document.”

Steve McCabe MP said, “with the
recent brutal crackdown on protesters and execution of the
Iranian wrestler champion Navid Afkari, the regime in Iran
reaffirms its pariah status and disregard for international
human rights law and the fundamental rights of the Iranian
people. Dialogue with the regime at this moment is
fruitless. The international community must move to fully
implement the UN sanctions against the regime in Iran and
secure a UN inquiry into its current and past human rights
violations.”

Sir David Amess MP, the co-chairman of
the British Committee for Iran Freedom (BCFIF) stressed,
“The UN sanctions and Security Council resolution against
Iran must be implemented immediately in order to counter
regime’s terrorism and destabilising activities in the
region and the world. But, the ultimate solution to these
threats from Tehran lies in the hands of the Iranian people
and their pro-democracy Resistance movement led by Mrs Madam
Rajavi, who struggle for a free and democratic Iran. I urge
the international community, including the UK Government, to
recognise and support this viable Iranian democratic
alternative.”

© Scoop Media

The erosion of marriage – ABC Online

Professor Patrick Parkinson AM is presenting the 2020 New College Lectures on the topic, “Faith and Family in a Multicultural Society.” This is a slightly edited version of the first lecture, which was delivered on Tuesday, 22 September 2020. The subsequent lectures will be published on this site next week.

There has never been a golden age for marriage and family life in Australia, or as far as I know, anywhere else. There has never been a time when all families were either happy or safe. There never was a time when family life was free of the scourge of domestic violence or when children were safe from sexual abuse by their fathers, uncles or grandfathers. There never was a time, I suspect, when the vast majority of married men were faithful to their wedding vows and did not stray from them. There was never a time when most people married for love and stayed in love for better or for worse, for richer and for poorer, in sickness or in health until death parted them. There never was a time when men did not, at least sometimes, behave badly; and there never was a time when women did not, at least sometimes, behave badly as well.

We must never confuse the ideal of marriage with the facts on the ground, the warts and all experience of family life across society and down through the generations. Christian teaching has long emphasised that we are sinful people in need of a Saviour, that we are capable of great evil, as well as great good. If you try to go through life under the illusion that people are basically good you will experience endless disappointment and betrayal.

So no, there never was a golden age of marriage. We should not romanticise the past.

If there was not a golden age of marriage, there was at least a golden idea of marriage, based upon Christian teaching. What is that teaching? An excellent summary is in just three sentences of the teaching of Jesus. To quote from Mark 10:6-8:

At the beginning of creation God made them male and female. For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and the two will become one flesh. So they are no longer two, but one.

In this we see the critical order of marriage formation. A man must leave, he must join with his wife, and they must become one. Of course, the wife must do the same. She must leave her father and mother, she must be united to her husband, and become one with him.

In that, there is profound wisdom. The act of leaving is essential. Men and women need to leave behind their family of origin, need to leave their parents and establish something new. And parents need to give their children up to the new family which is being formed in that marriage ceremony. The tradition of the father giving away the bride is symbolic of this important step of letting go, giving up. The mother too must give up her son, allow his new wife to establish her own way of running the household that may well differ in material ways from the way she ran her own household. From two different families of origin comes a new family, neither a replica of one nor of the other, just as the children to be born from that union will have their own individuality.

Consequent upon leaving, the husband and wife must unite. They are now one entity, one unit, and no longer can either the husband or wife think selfishly. No longer is it about his interests, his needs, his desires. It must just as much be about her interests, needs, and desires. He must love her as much as he loves himself — and she must love him in the same way.

That call to lose one’s individual identity in the collectivity of the marriage is now utterly counter-cultural. We are so obsessed with our individual rights and needs that the idea that in some way we should lose our identity in marriage is hard to comprehend; but note, it is not just the woman who loses her identity in marriage, nor is it just the woman who traditionally loses her family name to adopt his. No, he must give up his individualism, too, in order to be united with her. Equality is at the very heart of Christian teaching about marriage.

And finally, there is the third element of “becoming one flesh,” typically understood as consummating the marriage through sexual intercourse. In Christian teaching, sex is the crowning joy of an intimate relationship; but it comes last, after the leaving and the cleaving — the uniting of two into one.

This is, of course, an absurd notion to young people in the modern era. Those of us who adhere to those traditional ways are now a relatively small proportion of the population. 81 per cent of all couples who marry have lived together before marriage. The idea that sexual intercourse should be the final step of that union — something that occurs after leaving, after committing to one another in marriage — may seem at best quaint; at worst, it is a throwback to a dark past when young women who lost their virginity prior to marriage were deemed outcasts, forever shamed, whereas men who sowed their wild oats were admired for their sexual prowess and boasted of their conquests.

Yet there is also great wisdom in it, as in all the teaching of Jesus. Saving sex until marriage marks out the exclusivity of that sexual union. You have an intimate bond with one person that you have had with no one else and promise not to have with anyone else, at least until death brings that relationship to an end.

Marriage and the discipline of denial

That golden idea of marriage was supported by a clear idea of the nature and purpose of marriage, as defined in law. In the famous English case of Hyde v. Hyde and Woodmansee, decided in 1866, Sir James Wilde defined marriage as “a union for life of one man and one woman to the exclusion of all others, as understood in Christendom.” This was a case about whether polygamy could be recognised. A union for life of one man and one woman to the exclusion of all others. Sir James Wilde made it clear that this common law understanding of marriage had its origins in Christianity. Christianity rejected polygamy. It also rejected divorce by the pronouncement of the talaq or the gett or any other means by which men discarded women for whom they no longer had a use.

That teaching about marriage went against the most primal instincts of men. Lifelong fidelity does not come easily, especially to men. Yet it is critical for the wellbeing of women and children that men will commit themselves to the support of their wives and the nurture of their children long after the bloom of youth has faded, long after the first rush of young love has dissipated, through the hard times as well as the good times. This matters still, even though so many mothers are now in employment, at least part-time. Men provide less investment in their children when they are no longer in a relationship with the mother.

Marriage involves commitment through all the mundane circumstances of life. That commitment anchors the family, gives it the stability that allows all the members of the family to flourish. It is the discipline of denial that offers the security to bring children into the world — and for women, in particular, to make those sacrifices necessary to nurture the children in their earliest years.

Rejecting the Christian idea of marriage

In the modern era, this Christian understanding of marriage, this notion of “a union for life of one man and one woman to the exclusion of all others” as Sir James Wilde defined it, has been comprehensively and completely rejected. These changes are well-known, but it is at least worth reviewing what they mean for modern marriages and more broadly, modern family relationships. There has been a huge controversy in recent years about same-sex marriage; but it is important to see that the changes brought about in the nature of marriage long preceded that debate. We had pretty much abandoned the Christian view of marriage as underpinning our national laws, at least a decade earlier.

For life, to the exclusion of all others …

In 1975 in Australia, but a little earlier in other Western countries, we abandoned the idea that marriage was a covenant, a union of men and women for life to the exclusion of all others that would be protected in law. Divorce, until 1975, was a remedy for a wrong. The husband who broke the marriage covenant by adultery, or who deserted his wife, or who treated her cruelly, could be divorced by her and would need to pay spousal maintenance, or alimony, for her as a form of damages for breach of that covenant.

That, at least, was the theory. In reality, few men could afford to pay spousal maintenance, particularly if they were also paying maintenance for their children. When one goes from one household to two, inevitably many costs double while the available income stays the same. Divorce often meant penury for women and children even if the man was utterly at fault for the marriage breakdown. Nonetheless, the law at least supported the Christian idea of marriage with its remedy of divorce. It also supported it through the criminal law. Adultery was an offence, known, rather obscurely, as the euphemistically named offence of “criminal conversation.”

No-fault divorce ended that — and perhaps rightly so, because the law was an imperfect instrument for enforcing the idea of marriage as a lifelong union; but it left marriage-for-life as no more than an internal commitment, a promise that people make to one another which is wholly unenforceable. One person can leave a marriage without the agreement of the other. It takes two to make a marriage, but only one to break it.

So no-fault divorce, introduced in 1975, ended the notion of marriage being presumptively for life. It was replaced with a policy that marriage lasted only as long as both parties wanted it to.

A legal union

Far bigger changes concerning marriage were to occur after 1975. They began slowly, with a limited legal recognition of de facto relationships; but as the law has developed, cohabitation, living together with someone in an intimate partnership, has become exactly the same as marriage for legal purposes. A legal union, in other words, no longer matters.

This has been perhaps the most important and significant change to the legal regime supporting family relationships in Australia. As understood in Christendom, marriage involved a solemn commitment of a man and woman to live together until death parted them, usually made publicly before family and friends. By the time of Pope Innocent III in the thirteenth century, the Church taught that it should be in the presence of a priest as a witness. By 1563, the Council of Trent determined in its Decree Tametsi that for a marriage to be valid there needed to be three witnesses, one of whom had to be the parish priest of one of the parties; and there had to be an announcement about the prospective marriage beforehand, known as “publishing the banns of marriage.” Similar provisions were adopted across the emerging Protestant world, but inconsistently. The need for a public commitment was not established in English law until Lord Hardwicke’s Act of 1753.

New South Wales was the frontrunner in bringing about change in Australia. It enacted new laws in 1984 which provided some limited legal recognition for cohabitation. Over the following twenty years, other states introduced similar laws but they were increasingly indistinguishable from marriage. The trajectory of law reform at both state and federal levels over twenty years has been to insert the words “or de facto” whenever the word “marriage” or “spouse” appears in legislation. Initially this was to address the issues for heterosexual couples who do not marry; later the term “de facto” was extended to include same-sex couples.

The notion that marriage required a legal union was finally abandoned in Australia in 2008. In that year, the Family Law Act was amended to provide, in all states and territories but Western Australia, that couples who live together without marriage should be treated for all intents and purposes as if they were married once they had lived together for two years. This followed on from amendments to various state and territory laws over the preceding twenty years or more that had been to similar effect.

After 2008, there was simply no difference, anywhere in Australian law, between a heterosexual couple being married, and living together in a de facto relationship, at least once a period of time, typically two years, had elapsed. These changes had the effect of abolishing any need for a legal union, as understood in Christendom.

Consider now a young couple in Australia who are in love and have begun living together. Let us call them Alex and Chris — for they could be a heterosexual couple or a same-sex couple. Let’s assume that they live in Melbourne. Discussion turns on one cold winter’s night to the future of their relationship. Alex would quite like to get married but is not sure how. Chris is not so certain — why does a piece of paper matter?

So they explore their various options. If they decide to marry, they may choose a religious wedding, as long as they can find a minister of religion prepared to marry them. There are some nice old churches with a medieval stone look, if that is the kind of setting that they want. Alternatively, if they just want something secular, they could purchase the services of a private marriage celebrant who may be able to conduct the wedding, perhaps in some special location. Or they could marry in a registry office. Alex finds the website for the Victorian Marriage Registry which promises “elegant civil marriage ceremonies on weekdays and weekends for couples seeking an intimate and simple wedding” in an old heritage-listed building in the city.

Another option, if they don’t want to marry, is to register the relationship. In Victoria, and in a number of other states, couples can enter into a “registered relationship.” A registered relationship has the same effects as marriage for the purposes of the law of that jurisdiction. So how exactly is a registered relationship different from a marriage at a registry office? You go to the same office to register; you just skip the “elegant ceremony.” All very prosaic — just sign the form, much like registering a car, for example. So much cheaper; but also no promises of everlasting love, for better for worse, for richer or for poorer, in sickness or in health. Just a relationship for the time being. Registration, but no covenant.

Or Alex and Chris can forget about any form of marriage or registration and just live together. The legal effect is exactly the same, certainly after two years.

In Australia, then, whether Alex and Chris choose to marry, have a registered relationship, or live together as a couple without formalising or registering their relationship, the effects are almost exactly the same. All roads lead to Rome. The message of our law is that marriage doesn’t matter.

These changes to the law both followed social changes and contributed to them. Initially, cohabitation was typically a short-term thing. People lived together for a while before marrying. That remains the case for some; but increasingly, a de facto relationship has become an alternative to marriage, even for those who want children together. Now 35 per cent of children are born outside marriage. The percentage is greater in other countries. In several countries in northern Europe, over 50 per cent of all children are born outside of marriage.

Marriage has declined substantially as the basis of family formation. In 2017, Australia had the lowest number of marriages per 1000 population ever recorded. It was less than half the number who married in 1970, and a lot of those who marry these days are forming a second or later marriage.

… of a man and a woman

In 2017, the Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act was passed following a nationwide plebiscite, described for certain legal reasons as a postal survey. That allowed same-sex couples to marry. There was, of course, a massive cultural conflict over same-sex marriage leading up to the vote in 2017. There were those who saw it as a body-blow to the Christian understanding of marriage — an understanding shared by the other great Abrahamic religions, as well as by smaller religions that have some historic points of connection with the Christian faith.

There is no need to revisit the issue of same-sex marriage here. That debate is done and dusted; I do, however, want to make one observation about it. For the most part, the battle over marriage equality was about equality rather than marriage. Going back a couple of decades, there were a lot of gay and lesbian people who completely rejected the idea of marriage. In the late-1990s, I remember we hosted a visiting professor from Scotland at the University of Sydney. He gave a staff seminar entitled, “Marriage is for heterosexuals: May the rest of us be saved from it.”

That position changed, and there was a strong and successful campaign for marriage equality. However, the strong push to allow same-sex marriage did not, for the most part, indicate any reversal of the trends away from marriage over the last two decades. Promises of a great boon for the wedding industry, rivers of gold flowing from a large number of rainbow weddings, went unfulfilled. In the first year after legalisation, 2018, there were 6,538 same-sex marriages in Australia. What is that as a proportion of all couples eligible to marry? In the 2016 census, there were just under 46,800 same-sex couples living together. Of these couples, 3,142 had been married overseas, which leaves around 43,500 who were eligible to marry in 2018. About 15 per cent of all those same-sex couples who might have married in 2018 actually did so. 85 per cent did not.

Now it may be that some have simply delayed marriage. We don’t have data yet for 2019 for the country as a whole. Queensland data indicates that there were 1,031 same-sex weddings in Queensland in 2019. That compares with 1,292 couples in 2018. Only 174 same-sex couples have wed in the first quarter of 2020, before the pandemic shutdown, indicating that the stream of same-sex marriages is slowing very considerably. That is less than 4.5 per cent of all weddings in that quarter.

My point is that, while for some couples getting married was indeed very important, the enactment of same-sex marriage did not herald a new golden age for marriage, a renewed interest in and commitment to the idea of legal union. There has been no rush to the registry office.

Is there a downside?

Of course, many still believe that the sexual revolution, no-fault divorce, and all the other changes are a great liberation. Marriage has been given a bad press in the progressive movement, being associated with patriarchy and a traditional division of roles between men and women. For many, the demise of heterosexual marriage, at least, is a wholly good thing. However, there are many downsides to this shift away from marriage as the foundation for family life in Australia. To put this into context, there is widespread agreement among experts that children do best in safe, stable, and nurturing families.

Safety is, of course, a foundational need, and this should be understood in relatively broad terms. Children need to be protected from both physical and sexual abuse, and from exposure to domestic violence; for even witnessing or being aware of violence perpetrated on the mother can have traumatising effects and leave children feeling profoundly unsafe. Children who grow up in unsafe environments, or who are victims of child sexual abuse, are disproportionately represented in statistics for adolescent and adult offending, indicating a clear and important connection between safety, emotional wellbeing, and the inculcation of values concerning responsible citizenship.

Stability is also very important for children. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines the stability children need as:

the degree of predictability and consistency in a child’s environment. It encompasses consistency in who children relate to as well as the nature of their interactions with caregivers, others in their environment, and the environment itself.

The breakdown of the parents’ relationship is a primary source of instability in children’s lives. If parents break up, family routines are disrupted, and changes typically occur across a number of different domains — where children live and go to school, the relationship with the parent who no longer lives with the children, and levels of financial stress. Parental separation is an important factor to address in terms of the life chances of children.

A nurturing family is the other important ingredient if children are to have an upbringing that is emotionally healthy. Research indicates that children do best with a parental style which is authoritative without being either authoritarian or permissive. It combines boundary setting with emotional closeness.

The tragedy of the erosion of marriage is that it has meant that far fewer children than a generation ago grow up in safe, stable, and nurturing families.

Stability

Take stability. The decline in the stability of families may be seen in an analysis of the likelihood of experiencing birth into a lone-mother household or experiencing parental separation before the age of 15 in different birth cohorts between the 1940s and the 1980s. In the cohort born between 1946 and 1955, nearly 9 per cent had been either born to a single mother or experienced parental separation by the age of 15. For the cohort born between 1981 and 1985, the figure was 25 per cent — nearly three times as high. There was a substantial increase both in the proportion of children born to single mothers and those who experienced parental separation. Children born between 1981 and 1985 also spent three times as many years of their childhood living in a step-family as those born between 1946 and 1955.

Data published in 2015 indicates how much family stability has deteriorated even since the 1980s. By the time that the youngest child in a family is 15-17 years old, 40 per cent have parents living apart. Why is this? The problem is not the rate of divorce. That has remained stable or declined over the last couple of decades. There were 2.7 divorces per 1,000 people in 1998 compared with 2.0 divorces per 1,000 people in 2018. A reason for that is a decline in marriage rates. A decline in marriages per 1000 population is likely to mean a decline in divorces a decade or so later.

Part of the explanation for the increase in children experiencing their parents living apart is a growth in the proportion of children born to lone mothers. In 2005, the latest data we have, 13 per cent were born to lone mothers. This compares with 3.8 per cent of children born between 1976 and 1980, demonstrating the extent and rapidity of social change, notwithstanding the widespread availability of contraception and abortion.

Couples with children who live in de facto relationships have much higher rates of breakdown. The odds of a de facto couple with children breaking up is more than seven times as high as a married couple who had not lived together before marriage, and more than four times as high as those who had lived together but went on to marry. Marriage matters. It has a profoundly stabilising influence on relationships.

This is consistent with the overseas evidence. Data from the Fragile Families study in the United States found that parental separation by the time the child was 3-years-old was five times greater for children born to cohabiting than married parents. Differences in financial wellbeing and family characteristics between cohabiting and married parents explained some of the difference, but after controlling for race, ethnicity, education, economic factors, family characteristics, and an extensive set of other covariates, parents who were cohabiting at their child’s birth still had over two-and-a-half times the risk of separating compared with parents who were married at their child’s birth.

Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study in Britain, initially comprising a cohort of 18,000 mothers who gave birth during 2000 or 2001, are similar. Again, after controlling for confounding factors, cohabiting couples are consistently 2 to 2.5 times more likely to split up compared to their married counterparts, across all income groups, by their child’s fifth birthday.

More recently, Sharon Bzostek and Lawrence Berger, analysing data from the Fragile Families study, have found that “children born to unmarried urban parents overwhelmingly experience family structure transitions by age 9, with approximately one-half experiencing two or more transitions and approximately one-quarter experiencing three or more transitions by that time.” Children of unmarried parents, in other words, are born into relationships with a high likelihood of instability.

In summary, the explanation for the massive increase in the proportions of Australian children who do not reach the age of 15 in an intact family with both of their biological parents is two-fold. First, more and more children are being born to single mothers who are neither married nor living in a cohabiting de facto relationship. Second, as the proportion of the population who live together outside marriage has increased relative to the married population, and as more and more de facto couples have children outside marriage, so the chances of the parents still being together by the time the child reaches 15 have substantially diminished.

Mental health

There is now a lot of evidence that the instability of family life is having an adverse effect on the mental health of children and young people. While adverse trends are not observable in every study, there is some compelling evidence now that adolescent mental health problems have been increasing significantly over time. Yes, teenagers have always suffered from depression, other forms of psychological distress, and illnesses such as anorexia — but just not in the numbers we are seeing now.

Why? Of course, there are many reasons. This is a complex subject and I don’t want to be simplistic; but the evidence suggests that family breakdown is a significant contributing factor.

One important study was published in 2010. In this US study, researchers conducted the most comprehensive analysis to date of data collected through the widely used Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test. The researchers examined data collected from college students between 1938 and 2007. They found that each generation had experienced poorer mental health than the previous one. At least five times as many college students in 2007 as in 1938 had measures indicating psychopathology on the various elements included in that test. These included measures of hypomania, schizophrenia, psychopathic deviation, paranoia, and depression. On many of these measures, by 2007, the increases were dramatic. This substantial increase in mental disorders was clear even after controlling for a greater willingness over time to acknowledge the presence of mental health issues. The researchers noted that their findings might actually underestimate the increase in psychopathology, given the numbers of Americans taking antidepressants.

The researchers found that the increase occurred steadily and irrespective of economic crests and troughs. The researchers found that the divorce rate was positively and significantly correlated with scores on all of the clinical scales.

Evidence of the association between declining mental health and family stability can also be found in Australian data. Consider the results of the Second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, published in 2015. It illustrates the extent of the problem. The researchers conducted surveys with parents in 6,310 households. They also got data from 2,967 young people aged 11-17.

20 per cent of adolescents had high or very high levels of psychological distress. The figures were almost twice as high for females (25.9 per cent and 14.8 per cent for males). More than one in 10 of the 12 to 17-year-olds had self-harmed at some time in their young lives. Self-harm was roughly twice as high in females compared with males. Females aged 16-17 years had the highest rates of self-harm, with nearly 17 per cent having harmed themselves in the previous twelve months. Those figures were reflected in the proportion who had considered suicide.

The researchers estimate that 14 per cent of children and young people aged 4 to 17 had had a mental disorder in the previous twelve months, with rates especially high among male children. 2.1 per cent of children and young people were assessed as having a severe disorder, but that varied with age. Among 12 to 17-year-olds, the figure was 3.3 per cent. The researchers identified an association with family structure.

Correlation is not causation, and so we have to be careful how we interpret this data; but there is a vast mountain of evidence to support the fact that family stability is incredibly important to children’s wellbeing. Leading American expert, Professor Paul Amato, for example, has written:

Research clearly demonstrates that children growing up with two continuously married parents are less likely than other children to experience a wide range of cognitive, emotional, and social problems, not only during childhood, but also in adulthood. Although it is not possible to demonstrate that family structure is the cause of these differences, studies that have used a variety of sophisticated statistical methods, including controls for genetic factors, suggest that this is the case.

Conflict, mental distress, and family structure

Undoubtedly, a significant contributor to the disproportionate distress of children and young people whose parents live apart is the conflict that they have experienced between their parents prior to separation. There was a time when the prevailing view among experts was that it was better for children if their parents separated than to continue to live in a high conflict family. Such a sanguine view is no longer so widely held. One reason is that parental conflict does not necessarily end upon separation. Indeed, conflict and violence may be exacerbated by separation. Some violence by one parent against another only begins when the parents have separated.

Separation creates different sources of conflict between parents from the kind of conflict that occurs when parents live together. There may be arguments about property settlement or parenting arrangements in the aftermath of separation, leading to litigation. There may be ongoing arguments about child support; different approaches to discipline, diet, and bedtimes in each home may be a source of friction, without parents feeling they need to reach agreement on these matters as they would in an intact family. There can be unresolved issues about the breakup that cause continuing tension and hostility. New partners may arouse feelings of resentment or jealousy; and as parents lives move in different directions, there may be serious conflict concerning a primary caregiver’s desire to relocate either within Australia or overseas. These ongoing conflicts take their toll on children.

Conflict between the parents is likely to be particularly harmful if children feel that they are caught in the middle, asked to act as messengers or spies, or experience one parent denigrating the other. It can also be very harmful if one parent attempts to recruit the child as an ally in his or her battle with the other.

Conflict in single parent families and stepfamilies

Young people report significantly higher levels of conflict in stepfamilies and lone-parent families than in intact families. Stepfamilies, in particular, create new sources of tension. Living in a stepfamily is not easy. In addition to all the challenges of marital or quasi-marital relationships, stepfamilies involve numerous pressures and tensions from raising children who have different parents. These children are likely to have a parent living elsewhere, with whom the children have a continuing relationship.

Numerous issues can arise in terms of forming a single family unit, including discipline, issues about financial provision for the different children, and difficulties in relationships between the children. There can also be issues of resentment of step-children and competition for time and attention. Children from stepfamilies are less likely to complete year 12 at school than children in intact families or with a lone parent.

Children’s safety

The loss of family stability, in turn, has effects in relation to children’s safety. Children, and especially girls, are at much greater risk of sexual abuse from the presence of men living in the household who are not biologically related to them than from their own fathers. For example, Diana Russell’s landmark study of 930 women in San Francisco found that one in six girls who had grown up with a stepfather were sexually abused by him. In contrast, one in forty girls were abused by their natural father. Similar results have emerged from other studies.

There is also a much greater risk of child homicide. One research team, for example, reported:

Extrapolating from available data, the results indicated a considerably greater risk represented by stepfathers than by genetic fathers. At least five times as many children live with genetic fathers, while the raw frequencies of filicide were roughly equal in the two groups. A most liberal estimate for the prevalence of stepmothering (5%) also suggested that stepmothers represent a substantially greater risk of filicide.

There is a much higher likelihood of child protection services needing to be involved with a family if the children are not living with two married biological parents.

Ramifications

The ramifications of this are considerable, and not just for the mental health of children and young people. The instability of family relationships affects us all. The inability of so many to form and maintain stable relationships is likely to lead to a much greater level of loneliness as people age. This is a problem particularly after they have left the workforce, since work provides some degree of community. Relationship breakdown affects people’s finances. It can have devastating impacts upon people’s wealth and capacity to care for themselves in retirement. Women with the care of children who do not repartner after a relationship breakdown are especially vulnerable.

It even affects people’s sex lives. The sexual revolution was meant to lead to a much freer attitude to sex, more availability of sex with more partners. The old joke was that the only people who are not having sex are married people. The real picture, though, is much more complex. A satisfying sexual relationship involves a continuing partner. Sex and the City presents one view of the world, but it is probably not what most people experience. The evidence from many countries is that people are having less sex than they used to.

Another ramification is in terms of fertility rates. People are waiting much later than 30 years ago to marry or form de facto relationships in which to bear children. If those relationships prove unstable, then women of child-bearing age may find themselves without a partner or struggling as a single parent at a time when they would like to have more children than they have.

The repercussions of family instability flow throughout the society.

Family stability and faith

So what about the churches? I wish I could say that these trends in Western society are merely secular trends, that the churches are unaffected by them; but we all know that isn’t true. In our churches, too, the idea of marriage as the union of one man and one woman for life to the exclusion of all others, is not universally held. Indeed, adherence to the traditional Christian teaching on sex before marriage has probably declined sharply, even among otherwise quite committed Christian young people.

What about family stability? There is some data from the United States to suggest that divorce rates among evangelical Christians are not lower than the rest of the population. However, more finely grained research shows that if both members of the couple are committed to the faith and pray together, marital satisfaction is very much higher and divorce rates much lower.

Still, we cannot be at all complacent. I will return to this in a subsequent lecture; but to foreshadow what I will be saying there, I believe it is essential that, as church leaders, we work to re-evangelise the flock, to persuade Christians afresh of the wisdom of Christian teaching on sex, marriage, and family life more generally. We need to support safe, stable, and nurturing families in the society as a whole; but on this issue, the effort must first be to strengthen family life within the community of faith.

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We are living in a society which has almost completely abandoned Christian teaching on marriage. None of the elements of marriage as understood in Christendom, and as defined at common law, now survive. The notions of permanence and exclusivity were abandoned 45 years ago. Marriage still involves a legal union, to be sure, but the same legal effects follow without a legal union, at least once a couple have lived together for two years. And, of course, it is no longer necessary that marriage be the union of a man and a woman.

Australian society, like other Western societies, is charting its own course with a rather confused idea about what marriage is and why it is that de facto relationships should be treated as equivalent to marriages. While these changes, which began with the sexual revolution in the 1960s, are typically presented as a liberation, we are now experiencing the downsides. The consequences of family instability are enormous — particularly for children.

The challenge for public policy is to work out how better to support children with safe, stable, and nurturing families. Notwithstanding all the other problems that are important and which attract attention — such as climate change and racial injustice — the problem of family instability is one of the greatest challenges of our time.

Professor Patrick Parkinson is the Academic Dean and Head of School for the T.C. Beirne School of Law at the University of Queensland. He is the author of Family Law and the Indissolubility of Parenthood.

Independent: Turkey is the biggest threat to Europe today and the Greeks need our help – Analysis

The Brief, powered by ESA – Europe’s next Pandora’s Box

Deep divisions have long been threatening to turn the EU’s foreign policy into a toothless tiger. Nevertheless, abolishing the principle of unanimity is not necessarily the solution.

With 27 players in one room, of course there are divisions, stemming from different analyses of the problem, conflicting national interests or different external influences.

But the longer there is disagreement, the more the EU’s “credibility is at stake”, as some Brussels diplomats kept religiously repeating over the past few weeks, marked by indecision or lack of unity in three foreign policy challenges: Belarus, Turkey and Russia.

It is no coincidence that European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen once again called for establishing qualified majority voting in EU foreign policy, this time especially in sanction matters.

“Why are even simple statements on EU values delayed, watered down or held hostage for other motives?” von der Leyen asked. “When member states say Europe is too slow, I say to them ‘be courageous and finally move to qualified majority voting.”

Under QMV, a vote would need 55% of member states representing at least 65% of the total EU population to pass in the Council. This would allow the EU to act without the increasingly onerous process of securing unanimity among the EU27.

To most foreign policy pundits, it is a long-overdue step.

If the EU wants to be taken seriously, it needs to act faster than it did in the past few years, and much more quickly than it currently does. The crisis and emergencies since the start of von der Leyen’s mandate have particularly proved that.

QMV could indeed increase the EU’s efficiency by ensuring that a single state or a small group cannot block decisions, allowing the bloc to respond to acute external challenges.

But even so, qualified majority voting could actually risk creating more animosities than there already are. Take the following example:

Cyprus blocked the proposed EU sanctions against Belarus on Monday (21 September), citing the bloc’s inaction over Turkish aggression in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Some painted Nicosia’s veto as ‘hostage taking’, a not-so-rare case of a blackmail attempt in EU decision-making.

For others, it was a desperate act by a small country to make fellow member states care about a threat that does not look too existential to most other members.

To be honest, if it were Germany or France asking for support, we would have probably moved forward with sanctions more quickly.

Which is why for small or less powerful member states, an extension of QMV to foreign policy raises fears that the bigger EU players will always be able to overrule them and ignore their problems.

The Commission seems keen to extend QMV to three foreign policy areas – sanctions, human rights promotion and launching civilian missions – with sanctions in pole position to become testing ground.

Love it or hate it, this is how Europe’s founding fathers set the rules.

Whether they will change in the future, as so many other crucial things in Brussels, is up to – oh, irony – the member states.

The Roundup

Look out for…

• European Commission to announce proposal for a new EU policy on asylum and migration
• Election of committee chairs and vice-chairs for the European Parliament’s Special Committees on foreign interference in all democratic processes in the EU, on artificial intelligence and the digital transformation, the Special Committee on beating cancer, the Subcommittee on taxation and the Committee of inquiry on animal transport 

Views are the author’s

World: ACT joins global religious leaders urge end to “broken state of European migration”

ACT Alliance is one of a dozen global and regional religious organizations that released an advocacy statement on the situation of migrants and refugees in Europe that defines their calling as Christians to “welcome the stranger,” and urges the creation of a world in which “we become human together.”

“Solidarity should be the guiding principle governing migration and particularly refugee reception,” the statement says. “We expect the EU to reject the discourse and politics of fear and deterrence, and to adopt a principled stance and compassionate practice based on the fundamental values on which the EU is founded.”

The organisations have issued the statement in advance of the EU Commission’s presentation of its new Migration Pact on 23 September.

“Our organizations represent churches throughout Europe and globally as well as church-based agencies particularly concerned with migrants, refugees and asylum seekers,” the statement reads. “As Christian organizations, we are deeply committed to the inviolable dignity of the human person created in the image of God, as well as to the concepts of the common good, of global solidarity and of the promotion of a society that welcomes strangers, cares for those fleeing danger, and protects the vulnerable.”

The statement refers to the recent fire at the Moria camp, which left 13,000 migrants without a home.

“The events of the night of 8 September 2020 in the Moria camp and during the following days have once again exposed the fundamentally broken state of European migration and asylum policy and the suffering it has created,” the statement says, pointing to “the desperation of people seeking protection who have often been forced to live for years in inhumane conditions, the anger and frustration of locals who feel that Europe has left them alone with the challenge of reception and care, the current response has addressed the symptoms of a greater problem but not the actual cause, and a reaction by the EU which expresses sympathy but shows a profound lack of responsibility and no real commitment to helping those in need of protection as well as the Greek state and the local population hosting them.”

COVID-19 has exacerbated already inhumane living conditions for migrants, the statement notes. “COVID-19 and its consequences have in many places rendered the already difficult situation in these countries and for the displaced populations they host even more precarious: be it due to inadequate hygiene in these facilities or the dramatic cuts of food rations and other assistance available to them,” the statement reads. “Widespread restrictions on internal and cross-border movement in the wake of the pandemic have further reduced people’s access to protection. In addition, the economic survival of many people on the move, as well as their hosts, has been imperiled by lockdowns and related measures, which have hit those employed in the informal sector particularly hard, and have had a disproportionate effect on women and their livelihoods.”

The religious organizations commit themselves to “advocating for a more dignified approach to the reception, protection, and care of people on the move.” It states that “churches and church-based agencies have been and will be proactive in offering a compassionate welcome, and promoting social integration and a just and peaceful living together, in Greece and the whole of Europe and beyond.”

The statement also addresses the public discourse in which “migrants and refugees are often the focus for hate speech in social media, as well as distorted and dehumanizing portrayals in the media” and calls for media to “respect the human dignity of migrants and refugees, ensure balanced coverage of their stories, engage with migrants and refugees and enable them to tell their own stories, and to avoid stereotypical, negative expressions, as well as victimization and oversimplification.”

“We also share the conviction that the core values of the European Union regarding human dignity and respect for human rights must be reflected in its day-to-day politics,” the statement says.

The statement is co-signed by the ACT Alliance, the Anglican Communion, the Churches’ Commission for Migrants in Europe, the Conference of European Churches, the Evangelical Church of Greece, the Integration Center for Migrant Workers — Ecumenical Refugee Program, Non Profit Organisation of the Church of Greece, the Lutheran World Federation, the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, the European Region of the World Association of Christian Communication, the World Communion of Reformed Churches, the World Communion of Reformed Churches (European Region), the World Council of Churches and the World Methodist Council.

Read the full statement of 22 September 2020

Photo gallery: Churches’ work supporting refugees in Europe

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Media Contact:
Simon Chambers, Director of Communications
Email: simon.chambers@actalliance.org
Tel: +1 416 435 0972

Europe and the New Middle East

Alliances in the Middle East are changing but the EU has been little engaged with the new diplomatic shifts and risks becoming irrelevant in the region, writes Jonathan Spyer.

Jonathan Spyer is the director of the Middle East Center for Reporting and Analysis and a fellow at the Middle East Forum.

The signing of agreements for  “full normalization” of diplomatic, economic and all relations’  between Israel, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain at the White House this week largely formalizes an existing reality.

These countries share common perspectives and common interests on the key strategic issues facing the Middle East region.  Behind the scenes, they have been cooperating for quite a while.

The relevant files in this regard are: the challenge represented by the regional ambitions of Iran, (Israel’s chief security concern), Turkish regional expansion – bearing the banner of Sunni political Islam in its Muslim Brotherhood iteration (the particular focus for the Emiratis), and the implications for these of an emergent lighter US footprint in the Mid-East, alongside the growing influence of the Chinese in the region.

The camp of states aligned on these issues is not limited to Jerusalem, Manama and Abu Dhabi.  Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Morocco share similar concerns. The emergent strategic picture in the Middle East is one of competition between this pro-western alliance, whom America are looking to strengthen and build, and the rival blocs of Iran and Turkey, with their allies and clients.

Ten years after the outbreak of the Arab Spring, large swathes of the Arabic speaking world are fragmented and partially governed. Yemen, Libya, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon are today geographical spaces, rather than states in the full sense of the word.

The presence of Iranian and Turkish proxies can be seen throughout all these nations. Across these collapsed spaces, in the Mediterranean, and in the Gulf, the competition between the rival alliances will be engaged.

In the capitals of Europe, there is as yet only limited understanding of this new and emergent picture.  As a result, European countries are increasingly irrelevant or invisible in the diplomacy of the Middle East.

The still dominant perspectives in Europe belong largely to the era now fading: the supposed centrality of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to Mid-East stability, the desire to return to the Iran nuclear agreement, a more general preference for formal and multi-lateral agreements, while the region favours the tacit, the pragmatic and the bilateral.

As a result, European countries have played no part in the emergence and crystallization of the tacit alliance of pro-western countries of which Israel and the UAE form a part. This alliance has emerged through bilateral connections, but with the quiet encouragement and tutelage of the US.

Similarly, the US policy of maximum pressure on Iran, strongly supported by pro-western regional states, is opposed by key European countries.  They favour a return to the JCPOA. In so doing, again, Europe will advance not its interests, but rather its irrelevance.

On the issue of Turkish aggression in the Eastern Mediterranean, France and Greece are playing a vital role.  No united European stance has been forthcoming, however.  Italy, one of the EU’s other leading powers sits on the opposite side to France, remaining aligned with Turkey.

The fear of President Erdogan’s use of Syrian migrants as a tool of intimidation apparently remains.

Today, the UAE is aligned with Egypt and General Khalifa Haftar in Libya, against the Turkish and MB-backed Feyaz Sarraj government in Tripoli. The UAE, backed by Saudi Arabia, is seeking to create a network of alliances to challenge and turn back Turkish ambitions in the east Mediterranean.

Israel’s relations with Turkey formally remain, but are in the deep freeze, with no sign of improvement on the horizon (though trade remains brisk).  Ankara is currently domiciling an active Hamas office in Istanbul. It was recently revealed that the Turks have begun to offer citizenship to Hamas operatives resident in Turkey.

As the contest with the Turks in the eastern Mediterranean heats up, the Emiratis perceive Israel as a natural partner in that arena, too.  In response to a Turkish dispatch of a survey ship accompanied by warships to the disputed area on August 10, Israel issued a clear statement of support for Greece, for the first time.

The statement, issued by Israel’s Foreign Ministry, asserted that “Israel is following closely as tension rises in the eastern Mediterranean. Israel expresses its full support and solidarity with Greece.” Prime Minister Netanyahu later reaffirmed this position.

So the emergent alliance to contain Turkey in the east Mediterranean includes Egypt, the UAE, Israel, Greece, France and Cyprus.  There ought to be a united European response to this key challenge, taking place on Europe’s very doorstep.  Such a response has yet to emerge.

The East Mediterranean situation is characterized by US absence.  Indeed, underlying the whole strategic picture in the region is the reality of US drawdown.

US weariness with the Mid-East, urgent internal questions, emergent energy independence and the growing challenge of China are all leading to a focus away from the Mid-East.  This is bringing US allies closer along bilateral lines.

There is a place here for European influence, and for a major European role. But it is dependent on Europe acquainting itself with the emergent, profoundly changed the strategic realities of the region.  This has not yet happened.  It should happen soon.